Uso adecuado de las pruebas de laboratorio para la evaluación de la función tiroidea en pediatría / Appropriate use of laboratory tests for evaluation of thyroid function in pediatrics

Las pruebas de función tiroidea (PFT) son esenciales para el diagnóstico preciso y el seguimiento eficaz de la disfunción tiroidea. Existe un incremento progresivo y estable de los pedidos de PFT, incluso se han incorporado las mismas a los exámenes de salud anuales en niños sanos. Representan más del 60% de las pruebas realizadas en el laboratorio de endocrinología, tanto en adultos como en los laboratorios especializados en pediatría. Para hacer un uso eficiente de las PFT, antes de solicitarlas debemos preguntarnos… ¿Para quién? ¿Cuándo solicitarlas? ¿Qué pruebas solicitar? ¿Cómo solicitarlas? y ¿Cómo interpretar correctamente los resultados? Un resultado anormal en las PFT no siempre implica patología tiroidea asociada. Las PFT tienen importante variabilidad intra e interindividual lo que hace más compleja su correcta interpretación. La pesquisa de enfermedad tiroidea neonatal es un importante aporte a la prevención de la deficiencia mental en la infancia, su aplicación obligatoria posibilita un diagnóstico temprano, para asegurar su éxito debe considerarse en el marco de un programa integral de detección con estrategias de confirmación, tratamiento temprano y seguimiento a corto, mediano y largo plazo. No debe hacerse un uso indiscriminado de la prueba de estímulo con TRH en el diagnóstico de la patología tiroidea. En pediatría la estrategia de tamiz de enfermedad tiroidea es conveniente realizarla mediante la medición de por lo menos TSH y T4 libre e incluir la determinación de ATPO en grupos de riesgo, a diferencia de la determinación aislada de TSH como es recomendado en adultos. (AU)

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are essential for accurate diagnosis and effective monitoring of thyroid dysfunction. There is a progressive and steady increase in requests for TFTs, and they have even been incorporated into annual health examinations in healthy children. They represent more than 60% of the tests performed in the endocrinology laboratory, both in adults and in specialized pediatric laboratories. To efficiently use TFTs, before requesting them we should ask ourselves... For whom? When to request them? Which tests to request? How to request them? and How to correctly interpret the results? An abnormal TFT result does not always imply thyroid disease. TFTs have significant intra- and inter-individual variability, which makes their correct interpretation more complex. Screening for newborn thyroid disease is an important contribution to the prevention of intellectual disability in childhood and its mandatory use enables early diagnosis; however, to ensure the test to be successful, it should be considered within the framework of a comprehensive screening program with strategies for confirmation, early treatment, and short-, medium-, and long-term follow-up. The TRH stimulation test in the diagnosis of thyroid disease should not be used indiscriminately. In children, the screening strategy for thyroid disease should be performed by measuring at least TSH and free T4 and include the measurement of TPO-ab in risk groups, as opposed to the isolated measurement of TSH as recommended in adults. (AU)

El impacto de la oesofagogastroduodenoscopia de rutina en el plan de manejo antes de la colecistectomia: un estudio prospectivo / The Impact of Routine Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy on the Management Plan before Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Study

Introducción: La colecistectomía laparoscópica se ha convertido rápidamente en el procedimiento de elección de rutina para la enfermedad de la vesícula biliar, y actualmente es el procedimiento abdominal mayor que se realiza con mayor frecuencia en los países occidentales; la mayoría de los autores sugieren que es seguro observar a pacientes con cálculos biliares asintomáticos, y que la colecistectomía solo se realiza por aquellos pacientes que desarrollan síntomas. El quince por ciento de los pacientes persiste teniendo síntomas posteriores a la colecistectomía. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso de la esofagogastroduodenoscopía previa a la colecistectomía laparoscópica y su impacto en el manejo. Método: Este fue un estudio clínico prospectivo que involucró a pacientes con cálculos biliares ingresados en el Hospital Docente de Al-Basra, Departamento de Cirugía General desde enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2019. Todos los pacientes fueron seguidos desde el momento del ingreso hasta seis meses después. Estos pacientes se dividieron en siete grupos según la edad. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una ecografía abdominal para diagnosticar la presencia de colelitiasis y descartar otros problemas abdominales. Todos los pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica se sometieron a una endoscopia del tracto gastrointestinal superior antes de la operación. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 1200 pacientes con rango de edad de 21 a 82 años (mujeres, 83,33%, hombres, 16,66%) con colelitiasis. La proporción de mujeres a hombres fue de 5:1. Se observaron hallazgos endoscópicos positivos en 380 (31,6%) pacientes. En estos pacientes se modificó el plan de manejo con hallazgos positivos por endoscopia y se pospuso su cirugía hasta recibir el tratamiento adecuado. Conclusión: El uso rutinario de esofagogastroduodenoscopia previa a la colecistectomía disminuiría la colecistectomía innecesaria en pacientes con colelitiasis y hallazgos endoscópicos positivos, lo que disminuye la persistencia de síntomas post colecistectomía.

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly become the procedure of choice for routine gallbladder disease, and it is currently the most performed major abdominal procedure in Western countries, most authors suggest that it's safe to observe patients with asymptomatic gallstones, with cholecystectomy only being performed for those patients who develop symptoms. Fifteen percent of patients persist to have post cholecystectomy symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the use of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and its impact on the management. Method: This was a prospective clinical study involving patients with gallstone admitted to the Al-Basra Teaching Hospital, Department of General Surgery from January 2016 to December 2019. All patients were followed up from the time of admission until six months later. These patients were divided into seven groups according to age. All patients were having an abdominal ultrasound examination in order to diagnose the presence of cholelithiasis and to exclude other abdominal problems. All patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy underwent upper GIT endoscopy preoperatively. Results: A total of 1200 patient age range from 21 to 82 years were included (women, 83.33%, men, 16.66%) had cholelithiasis. Female to male ratio was 5:1. Positive endoscopic findings were observed in 380(31.6 %) patients. The management plan was changed in these patients with positive findings by endoscopy and their surgery was postponed until they received proper treatment. Conclusion: The routine use of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy prior to cholecystectomy would decrease the unneeded cholecystectomy in patients with cholelithiasis and positive endoscopic findings, which decrease post cholecystectomy persistence of symptoms.

Inappropriate requests for tumor markers in patients aged 50 years and older: lessons not learned / Solicitação inapropriada de marcadores tumorais em pacientes com 50 anos ou mais: lições não aprendidas

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, within a private health insurance, the ordering frequency and the costs related to inappropriate tumor markers test orders. METHODS: This study analyzed data regarding tumor markers requests within a private health insurance between 2010 and 2017. Patients included in this analysis were ≥ 50 years old, had available medical records, and had at least 1 tumor markers tested within the study period. Tests were considered inappropriate when tumor markers were used in screening for neoplasms, ie, when there was no previous diagnosis. We evaluated data regarding age, sex, the ordering physician's medical specialty, and test costs. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2017, 1112 tumor markers tests were performed and increased from 52 to 262 per year. Our sample consisted mostly of women (69.50%) with a mean age of 59.40 (SD 8.20) years. Most orders were inappropriate (87.80%) and represented 79.40% of all expenses with tumor markers tests. Cardiology professionals were the medical specialty that requested the most tumor markers tests (23.90%), followed by internal medicine specialists (22.70%) and gynecologists (19.20%). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high percentage of inappropriate test orders in the study period, resulting in elevated costs. Studies of this nature deserve the attention of health care managers, and interventions should be performed in order to reduce the inappropriate use of tumor markers tests in clinical practice.

OBJETIVO: investigar no âmbito de um plano de saúde privado a frequência de solicitação e os custos relacionados à solicitação inapropriada de marcadores tumorais. METODOLOGIA: Utilizou-se a base de dados de um plano de saúde privado entre os anos de 2010 a 2017. Foram incluídos na pesquisa, sujeitos com idade ≥ 50 anos, que apresentavam prontuários médicos acessíveis e que havia realizado a dosagem de algum marcadores tumorais no período. Considerou-se como "exame inapropriado" quando o marcador tumoral foi utilizado como rastreio de neoplasia, ou seja, quando não havia o diagnóstico prévio. Foram avaliados os dados referentes à idade, sexo, especialidade do médico solicitante e informações sobre os custos desses exames. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados um total 1.112 testes no período, representando um aumento de 52 para 262 exames/ano. A amostra foi composta na maioria pelo sexo feminino (69,50%), com média de idade de 59,40 ± 8,20 anos. A maioria das solicitações foram inapropriadas (87,80%). Notou-se que a solicitação desses exames, impactaram cerca de 79,40% dos gastos totais do plano de saúde com marcadores tumorais. Os cardiologistas foram a especialidade que mais solicitaram marcadores tumorais em 23,90% das ocasiões, seguidos pelos especialistas em clínica médica (22,70%) e ginecologistas (19,20%). CONCLUSÕES: Observamos um alto percentual de pedidos de exames inadequados no período do estudo, resultando em custos elevados. Estudos dessa natureza merecem a atenção dos gestores de saúde e intervenções devem ser realizadas a fim de reduzir o uso inadequado de testes de marcador tumoral na prática clínica.

Reduccionismo biomédico y patologización en la atención de salud mental ¿Estamos sobremedicalizando en la atención primaria? / Biomedical reductionism and pathologization in mental health care. are we overmedicalizing in primary care?

La inserción de la salud mental en una atención primaria (APS) integradora ha sido una política exitosa para reducir la brecha en el tratamiento de personas que padecen trastornos mentales (TMs). Sin embargo, las consecuencias de este progreso pudiesen estar yendo más allá de las deseables. Este despliegue sustancioso de la atención de salud mental podría estar también estimulando la medicalización la vida cotidiana de las personas de manera más activa y en consecuencia coadyuvar a desactivar la potencia socializadora y trasformadora del malestar en la sociedad. En este trabajo me propongo comprender cómo los programas de salud mental en APS pudiesen estar contribuyendo a trasformar en problemas médicos expresiones del diario vivir que no lo son. Luego de examinar algunos aspectos de las políticas relacionadas con la salud mental, informes e investigaciones, sugiero que el diseño del plan de Garantías Explícitas en Salud, las tecnologías utilizadas para integrar y desarrollar la atención de salud mental, y ciertas circunstancias derivadas de este proceso, podrían estar estimulando la sobrevivencia de un modelo biomédico reduccionista y patologizador que respaldaría prác-ticas medicalizadores. Algunas sugerencias son esbozadas para el desarrollo de una política y práctica en salud que reconozca e integre la posibilidad para mitigar los potenciales efectos negativos de este fenómeno. (AU)

The insertion of mental health in comprehensive primary care (PC) has been a successful policy to reduce the gap in the treatment of people with mental disorders (MDs). However, the consequences of this progress may exceed what is desirable. This substantial deployment of mental health care could also be stimulating the medicalization of people's daily lives in a more active way and consequently help to deactivate the socializing and transformative power of discomfort in society. In this work, I intend to understand how the mental health programs in PC could be contributing to transform expressions of daily living into medical problems that are not. After examining some aspects of mental health related policies, reports, and research, I suggest that the design of the Explicit Health Guarantees plan, the technologies used to in-tegrate and develop mental health care, and certain circumstances derived from this process, could be stimulating the survival of a reductionist and pathologizing biomedical model that would support medicalizing practices. Some suggestions are outlined for the development of health policy and practice that recognises and integrates the possibility to mitigate the potential adverse effects of this phenomenon. (AU)

Sobrediagnóstico: prejudicando pacientes em nome da saúde / Sobrediagnóstico: daño a las personas en nombre da la salud / Overdiagnosis: harming people in the name of health

À medida que os avanços médico-tecnológicos continuam a se tornar mais facilmente disponíveis, o diagnóstico de pseudo-doenças atingiu o cerne dos sistemas de saúde e tornou-se uma das atividades mais prejudiciais da medicina moderna, tanto individual quanto coletivamente, pois ameaça a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de saúde. Aqui descrevemos um caso hipotético, mas baseado em casos reais, de uma jovem de 36 anos diagnosticada com um carcinoma papilífero de tireoide após ter sido submetida a um check-up excessivo e desnecessário solicitado por um ginecologista em uma consulta de rotina. (AU)

As medical technological advances continue to become more readily available, diagnosis of pseudo-disease has hit the heart of medicine and has become one of the most harmful activities in modern medicine, both individually and collectively speaking as it threatens the sustainability of health systems. Here we describe a hypothetical case (but based on many similar real ones) of a young adult woman in her middle 30's that has been diagnosed with a papillary thyroid cancer after she had been submitted to an excessive and unnecessary check-up elicited by a gynaecologist in a routine medical consultation. (AU)

Inappropriate screening of obstructive coronary artery disease during pre-anesthesia assessment of candidates for non-cardiac surgery

Preoperative evaluation in elective surgeries has been associated with successful surgical treatment. However, there is no solid scientific evidence that screening for coronary artery disease (CAD) reduces surgical risk. The aims of this study were to describe the frequency of inappropriate investigation of obstructive CAD induced by pre-anesthetic assessment in individuals without cardiovascular symptoms (candidates for low- to intermediate-risk surgeries) and to evaluate predictors of this conduct. We performed a retrospective evaluation of medical records of anesthesiology services from patients undergoing pre-anesthesia assessment between May 2015 and May 2016, including those with functional capacity ≥4 metabolic equivalents without a diagnosis of heart disease. A total of 778 medical records (47±16 years of age, 62.6% female) were studied. A private hospital performed 50.1% of the surgeries and 60.4% were of intermediate risk. Only 2.7% (95%CI: 1.7-4.1%) were screened for CAD, and 91% of these requests were mediated by cardiology consultations performed during pre-anesthetic testing visits. Factors associated with screening for CAD were hypertension, diabetes, moderate systemic disease (ASA III), cardiac consultation, previous diagnosis of CAD, and admission to a private hospital. Independent predictors were private hospitals (OR: 3.9; 95%CI: 1.3-11.0), ASA III (OR: 5.3; 95%CI: 1.7-16.2), and hypertension (OR: 3.8; 95%CI: 1.5-9.8). The frequency of inappropriate requests for CAD screening in asymptomatic individuals without untreated systemic diseases was low in pre-anesthetic visits. Although infrequent, screening for CAD is more common in the private setting, in patients with poorer health status, and is usually prescribed during cardiology consultation.

Pattern of live births in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, according to Robson groups and the Kotelchuck index classification - 2015/2016 / Padrão de nascidos vivos no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, segundo os grupos Robson e a classificação do índice Kotelchuck - 2015/2016

Abstract Objective To investigate the patterns of hospital births in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil, between 2015 and 2016; considering the classification of obstetric characteristics proposed by Robson and the prenatal care index proposed by Kotelchuck. Methods Data obtained from the Information System on Live Births of the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SINASC/DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym) databases were used to group pregnant women relatively to the Robson classification. A descriptive analysis was performed for each Robson group, considering the variables: maternal age, marital status, schooling, parity, Kotelchuck prenatal adequacy index and gestational age. A logistic model estimated odds ratios (ORs) for cesarean sections (C-sections), considering the aforementioned variables. Results Out of the 456,089 live births in Rio de Janeiro state between 2015 and 2016, 391,961 records were retained, 60.3% of which were C-sections. Most pregnant women (58.6%) were classified in groups 5, 2 or 3. The percentage of C-sections in the Robson groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 was much higher than expected. Prenatal care proved to be inadequate for women who subsequently had a vaginal delivery, had an unfavorable family structure and a lower socioeconomic status (mothers without partners and with lower schooling), compared with those undergoing cesarean delivery. For a sameRobson group, the chance of C-section increases when maternal age rises (OR = 3.33 for 41-45 years old), there is the presence of a partner (OR = 1.81) and prenatal care improves (OR = 3.19 for "adequate plus"). Conclusion There are indications that in the state of RJ, from 2015 to 2016, many cesarean deliveries were performed due to nonclinical factors.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar os padrões dos partos hospitalares no estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil, entre 2015 e 2016, considerando a classificação de características obstétricas de Robson e a dos cuidados pré-natais proposta por Kotelchuck. Métodos Dados sistema de informações sobre nascidos vivos (SINASC) do departamento de informática do sistema único de saúde (DATASUS) foram utilizados para agrupar gestantes relativamente à classificação de Robson. Foi efetuada uma análise descritiva para cada grupo de Robson, considerando-se as variáveis idade materna, estado civil, escolaridade, paridade, o índice de Kotelchuck de adequação do pré-natal e a idade gestacional. Também foi realizado o cálculo de razão de chances (RC) para parto cesáreo, considerando-se um modelo logístico. Resultados Dos 456.089 nascimentos vivos ocorridos no RJ de 2015 a 2016, foram incluídos 391.961 registros, sendo 60,3% cesáreas, com maioria de gestantes (58,6%) nos grupos 5, 2 ou 3. O percentual de cesáreas nos grupos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 8 foi bem superior ao sugerido pela literatura. Para gestantes de um mesmo grupo (controladas as demais características), a chance de cesárea se eleva quando aumenta a idade materna (RC = 3,33 para 41-45 anos), existe a presença de um companheiro (RC = 1,81), o nível de escolaridade é maior (RC = 3,11 para ≥ 12 anos) e o pré-natal é mais cuidadoso (RC= 3,19 para "adequado plus"). Conclusão Há indícios que no RJ, de 2015 a 2016, muitos partos cesáreos foram realizados sob influência de fatores extraclínicos.

Medicina de Familia y Comunidad y su papel en evitar los excesos sanitarios (preventivos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos y rehabilitadores) / Family and Community Medicine and its role in preventing health overuse (preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative)

Resumen En Medicina es clave "ofrecer el 100% de lo que se precisa y evitar el 100% de lo que no se precisa". Lamentablemente, es difícil cumplir con esta cuestión clave y generalmente se ofrece más de lo que se precisa y no se evita todo lo que no se precisa. Este texto es una revisión no sistemática con objetivo docente en que se revisa el problema general en atención primaria y se proponen formas de evitar los excesos y defectos respecto a intervenciones preventivas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y de rehabilitación. Saber no hacer es ciencia y arte que se enseña poco y se practica menos. Los excesos que dañan son parte casi diaria de la práctica clínica, en prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación. Es imprescindible fomentar "el arte y la ciencia de no hacer".

Abstract In Medicine, it is critical "to offer 100% of what is needed and avoid 100% of what is not needed." Unfortunately, this primary issue is challenging, and generally, more than required is offered, and everything that is unnecessary is not avoided. This is a nonsystematic review with a teaching objective that reviews the general issue in primary care and suggests ways to avoid overuse and shortcomings concerning preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative interventions. Knowing not to do is science and art that is hardly taught and practiced less. The overuse that harm are an almost daily part of clinical practice in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. It is essential to promote "the art and science of not doing".

Effect of an Interactive Training on Choosing Delivery Method among Primiparous Pregnant Women: An Interventional Study

Objective. To evaluate the effect of interactive training conducted during pregnancy on choosing delivery method among primiparous women. Methods. Quasi-experimental study carried out in 2017 in two hospitals in the city of Bushehr (Iran), with the participation of 108 primiparous pregnant women in an educational program consisting of eight 2-hour sessions every two weeks in which interactive training activities were performed (group discussions, classroom sessions, and delivery of printed educational material) on themes related with physiological delivery, painless vaginal delivery methods, and complications of cesarean delivery without indication, among others. Before and after the intervention, the Knowledge and Preferred Method of Delivery Questionnaire by Moradabadi et al., was used to obtain information. Results. The results indicated that the level of knowledge in the group of mothers increased significantly between the pre-intervention and post-intervention assessment (13.2 versus 19.4, of 20 possible maximum points; p <0.001). Additionally, significant difference was observed in the selection of the vaginal delivery method before and after the intervention (74.1% versus 98.1%; p<0.001). Conclusion. Implementation of interactive training increased knowledge of pregnant women on the delivery and induced a positive effect to encourage the primiparous mothers to have a vaginal delivery.

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de un entrenamiento interactivo realizado durante el embarazo sobre la elección del método de parto en mujeres primíparas. Métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental realizado en 2017 en dos hospitales de la ciudad de Bushehr (Irán). 108 mujeres embarazadas primíparas participaron en un programa educativo consistente en ocho sesiones de dos horas de duración cada dos semanas, en las que se realizaron actividades de capacitación interactiva (discusiones grupales, clases magistrales y entrega de material educativo impreso) sobre temas relacionados con el parto fisiológico, los métodos de parto vaginal sin dolor, las complicaciones del parto por cesárea sin indicación, entre otros. Antes y después de la intervención se utilizó, para la toma de información, el Knowledge and Preferred Method of Delivery Questionnaire de Moradabadi et al. Resultados. Los resultados indicaron que el nivel de conocimiento en el grupo de madres aumentó significativamente entre la evaluación preintervención a la posintervención (13.2 versus 19.4, de 20 puntos máximos posibles; p<0.001). Además, se observó una diferencia significativa en la selección del método de parto vaginal antes y después de la intervención (74.1% versus 98.1%; p<0.001). Conclusión. La implementación de la capacitación interactiva aumentó el conocimiento de las embarazadas sobre el parto e indujo un efecto positivo para alentar a las madres primíparas a tener un parto vaginal.

Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito de um treinamento interativo realizado durante a gravidez na escolha do método de parto em mulheres primíparas. Métodos Estudo quase experimental realizado em 2017 em dois hospitais na cidade de Bushehr (Irã). 108 gestantes primíparas participaram de um programa educacional composto por oito sessões de duas horas a cada duas semanas, nas quais foram realizadas atividades de treinamento interativas (discussões em grupo, master classes e entrega de material educacional impresso) sobre questões relacionadas ao parto métodos fisiológicos, parto vaginal sem dor, complicações do parto cesáreo sem indicação, entre outros. Antes e após a intervenção, o Questionário de Conhecimento e Método Preferido de Entrega de Moradabadi et al. Resultados Os resultados indicaram que o nível de conhecimento no grupo de mães aumentou significativamente entre a avaliação pré-intervenção e a pós-intervenção (13.2 versus 19.4, de 20 possíveis pontos máximos; p<0.001). Além disso, foi observada diferença significativa na seleção do método de parto vaginal antes e após a intervenção (74.1% versus 98.1%; p<0.001). Conclusão A implementação do treinamento interativo aumentou o conhecimento das gestantes sobre o parto e induziu um efeito positivo para incentivar as primíparas a terem um parto vaginal.

Is computed tomography cystography indicated in children with pelvic fractures? / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Pelvic fracture evaluation with abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) and formal CT cystography for rule out of urine bladder injury have been commonly employed in pediatric trauma patients. The additional delayed imaging required to obtain optimal CT cystography is, however, associated with increased doses of ionizing radiation to pelvic organs and represent a significant risk in the pediatric population for future carcinogenic risk. We hypothesized that avoidance of routine CT cystography among pediatric pelvic fracture victims would not result in an appreciable rate of missed bladder injuries and would aid in mitigating the radiation exposure risk associated with these additional images.@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study involving blunt trauma pelvic fractures among pediatric trauma patients (age<14) between the years 1997 and 2016 was conducted utilizing the Israeli National Trauma Registry. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software version 9.4 via the tests of Chi-square test and two-sided Fisher's exact test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1072 children were identified from the registry for inclusion. Mean age of patients was 7.7 years (range 0-14) and 713 (66.5%) were male. Overall mortality in this population was 4.1% (44/1072). Only 2.1% (23) of pediatric patients with pelvic fractures had bladder injury identified, with just 9 children having intraperitoneal bladder rupture (0.8% of all the patients).@*CONCLUSION@#The vast majority of blunt pediatric trauma victims with pelvic fractures do not have urine bladder injuries. Based on our study results we do not recommend the routine utilization of CT cystography in this unique population.

Thoracic splenosis: Case report of a symptomatic case / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Thoracic splenosis is the autotransplantation of splenic tissue in the left thoracic cavity as a result of a splenic injury. This rare pathology is usually asymptomatic and may be discovered on incidental imaging, but the diagnosis often requires invasive procedures such as surgery in order to eliminate a neoplasic origin. We report a rare symptomatic case of a 39-year-old man presenting with chest pain and multiple nodules revealed on a computed tomography scan. The patient underwent a surgical exploration and the pathological studies concluded to a thoracic splenosis. Indeed, the previous medical history of the patient revealed a left thoraco-abdominal traumatism during childhood. The aim of this paper is to emphasize that the diagnosis can now be performed using only imaging techniques such as technetium-99 sulfur colloid or labelled heat-denatured red blood cell scintigraphy to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures including thoracotomy.

Violência obstétrica: uma revisão integrativa / Obstetric violence: integrative review / Violencia obstétrica: una revisión integradora

Objetivo: revisar pesquisas brasileiras, identificando os tipos de violência obstétrica, possíveis causas observadas e o papel do enfermeiro nesse cenário. Método: revisão integrativa realizada em 2018, com artigos brasileiros selecionados na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Resultados: revisados 16 artigos publicados entre 2004 e 2018. A violência obstétrica pode ser associada a: ofensa verbal e psicológica, expropriação do corpo feminino, privação de acompanhante, falta de informações, privação dos movimentos, banalização da dor e falta de privacidade. Possíveis causas: despreparo institucional e profissional, autoritarismo/hierarquização profissional, medicalização da assistência, nível socioeconômico e escolaridade das mulheres, e negação ou não reconhecimento da violência obstétrica. Conclusão: a enfermeira obstétrica pode contribuir para a redução dessa violência. São necessários mais investimentos na formação dessas profissionais e proporcionar assistência de qualidade no pré-natal e parto.

Objective: review Brazilian researches, identifying the types of obstetric violence, possible causes observed and the role of nurses in this scenario. Method: integrative review realized in 2018, with Brazilian articles selected from the Virtual Health Library. Results: obstetric violence can be associated with: verbal and psychological offense, expropriation of the female body, deprivation of companion, lack of information, deprivation of movement, trivialization of pain, and lack of privacy. Possible causes: institutional and professional unpreparedness, authoritarianism/professional hierarchy, medicalization of care, women's socioeconomic status and education, and denial or non-recognition of obstetric violence. Conclusion: the obstetric nurse can contribute to the reduction of this violence. More investments are needed in the formation of these professionals and provide quality assistance in prenatal and delivery obstetric

Objetivo: revisar las investigaciones brasileñas, identificando los tipos de violencia obstétrica, las posibles causas observadas y el papel del enfermero en este escenario. Método: revisión integradora realizada en 2018, con artículos brasileños seleccionados de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Resultados: la violencia obstétrica puede estar asociada con: ofensa verbal y psicológica, expropiación del cuerpo femenino, privación de compañero, falta de información, privación de movimiento, trivialización del dolor y falta de privacidad. Posibles causas: falta de preparación institucional y profesional, autoritarismo / jerarquía profesional, medicalización de la asistencia, nivel socioeconómico y escolaridad de las mujeres y negación o no reconocimiento de la violencia obstétrica. Conclusión: la enfermera obstétrica puede contribuir para la reducción de esta violencia. Se necesitan mas inversiones en la formación de estas profesionales y proporcionar una asistencia de calidad en prenatal y parto.

Exploring obstetrical interventions and stratified cesarean section rates using the Robson classification in tertiary Care hospitals in the united arab emirates

Abstract Objective The objective of the present study was to explore obstetric management in relation to clinical, maternal and child health outcomes by using the Robson classification system. Methods Data was collected from obstetrics registries in tertiary care hospitals in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results The analysis of > 5,400 deliveries (60% of all the deliveries in 2016) in major maternity hospitals in Dubai showed that groups 5, 8 and 9 of Robson's classification were the largest contributors to the overall cesarean section (CS) rate and accounted for 30% of the total CS rate. The results indicate that labor was spontaneous in 2,221 (45%) of the women and was augmented or induced in almost 1,634 cases (33%). The birth indication rate was of 64% for normal vaginal delivery, of 24% for emergency CS, and of 9% for elective CS.The rate of vaginal birth after cesarean was 261(6%), the rate of external cephalic version was 28 (0.7%), and the rate of induction was 1,168 (21.4%). The prevalence of the overall Cesarean section was 33%; with majority (53.5%) of it being repeated Cesarean section. Conclusion The CS rate in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is higher than the global average rate and than the average rate in Asia, which highlights the need for more education of pregnant women and of their physicians in order to promote vaginal birth. A proper planning is needed to reduce the number of CSs in nulliparous women in order to prevent repeated CSs in the future. Monitoring both CS rates and outcomes is essential to ensure that policies, practices, and actions for the optimization of the utilization of CS lead to improved maternal and infant outcomes.

The Role of Core Needle Biopsy for the Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules with Suspicious Ultrasound Features

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies demonstrated that core needle biopsy (CNB) can effectively reduce the possibility of inconclusive results and prevent unnecessary diagnostic surgery. However, the effectiveness of CNB in patients with suspicious thyroid nodules has not been fully evaluated. This prospective study aimed to determine the potential of CNB to assess thyroid nodules with suspicious ultrasound (US) features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing CNB for thyroid nodules with suspicious features on US were enrolled between May and August 2016. Diagnostic performance and the incidence of non-diagnostic results, inconclusive results, conclusive results, malignancy, unnecessary surgery, and complications were analyzed. Subgroup analysis according to nodule size was performed. The risk factors associated with inconclusive results were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients (102 thyroid nodules) were evaluated. All samples obtained from CNB were adequate for diagnosis. Inconclusive results were seen in 12.7% of cases. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for diagnosis of malignancy were 93.8%, 100%, 100%, 78.9%, and 95%, respectively. None of the patients underwent unnecessary surgery. The diagnostic performance was not significantly different according to nodule size. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, larger nodule size and shorter needle length were independent risk factors associated with inconclusive results. CONCLUSION: Samples obtained by CNB were sufficient for diagnosis in all cases and resulted in high diagnostic values and conclusive results in the evaluation of suspicious thyroid nodules. These findings indicated that CNB is a promising diagnostic tool for suspicious thyroid nodules.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip: why are we still operating on them? A plea for institutional newborn clinical screening

INTRODUCTION@#Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common orthopaedic condition at birth. Non-surgical management with the Pavlik harness can effectively treat DDH in the newborn by providing an early clinical diagnosis, but open surgeries continue to be performed. We aimed to elucidate the reasons for this.@*METHODS@#A retrospective review was performed of all open surgeries related to DDH from 2006 to 2016. Patients were either born at our institution (Group 1) or outside of it (Group 2). All Group 1 newborns were routinely screened for DDH at birth.@*RESULTS@#27 patients (Group 1: n = 5, Group 2: n = 22) presented at age 25 ± 19 months. Left-sided DDH (n = 21, 77.8%) and female infants (n = 22, 81.5%) were more common. The mean age at surgery was 40 ± 31 months. The most commonly performed procedure was soft tissue release open reduction with acetabuloplasty (n = 20, 74.1%). Gender, site, median age at presentation and at surgery, and prevalence of risk factors were similar for both groups. Both groups were mostly made up of late presenters (> 3 months; p = 0.34). A few patients had undergone prior treatment (p = 0.64). Newborn screening was the only significantly different variable between the groups (p < 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Lack of institutionalised newborn clinical screening appears to be the root cause of late presentation of DDH leading to open surgery for its management. We recommend quality institutionalised newborn clinical screening to reduce the number of late presentations.

Cortical Perforation Misidentified with Medial Condylar Fracture of Femur in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Case Report

Intraoperative fracture in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare complication. However, when it happens, additional surgery to fix the fracture site is needed. Therefore, it is important to diagnose intraoperative fractures in TKA exactly. The authors experienced two cases of cortical perforation of medial femoral condyle misidentified as the fracture in TKA. Cortical perforation could be misdiagnosed as the fracture, which could lead to unnecessary surgery. This is the first report about cortical perforation in TKA. We report two cases of intraoperative cortical perforations and describe the radiological characteristics.

Anisakidosis

Anisakidosis is a term that collectively refers to a human infection caused by larvae of the family Anisakidae. Because Anisakis simplex was the main cause, it was originally called anisakiasis or anisakiosis, but since other parasites such as Pseudoterranova decipiens also cause similar diseases, the family name is now used as the diagnostic name. Anisakidosis cases have been increasing steadily owing to the propagation of the Japanese raw-fish-eating culture, such as sushi and sashimi, around the world; the traditional raw-fish-eating habits of individual countries; the establishment of marine mammal protection laws; and the development of endoscopic diagnostic techniques. The disease continues to occur in Korea, where most human parasites are believed to have been eradicated and is probably the most common parasitic disease encountered in clinical practice. Anisakidosis is a disease associated with acute abdominal pain. Anisakid larvae can invade the entire digestive tract and abdominal cavity and cause abdominal pain and a variety of digestive system symptoms. Thus, the history of eating raw fish is very important for its differential diagnosis. The lack of a precise understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical course of this disease may lead to unnecessary surgery. Anisakidosis may also manifest as allergic symptoms. Therefore, it is necessary to understand anisakidosis from the perspective of public health, food hygiene, and preventive medicine.

Surgical Indications and Postsurgical Follow-up Strategy for Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasm / 대한췌담도학회지

The increasing discovery of pancreatic cystic neoplasm is a recent trend because of the widespread use and development of imaging techniques. Physicians have to recognize the different characteristics of the cystic neoplasms so that a determination may be selected regarding the potential for malignancy. Appropriate evaluation of pancreatic cystic lesion includes a multidisciplinary approach involving gastroenterologists with experience in endoscopic ultrasound, radiologist, and pancreatic surgeons. The selective approach is important in management of this neoplasm with minimizing incorrect diagnosis and unnecessary surgery. Considering the characteristic features of pancreatic cystic neoplasm, the clinical decision should be tailored according to needs and conditions of the individual patients.

Degenerating Thyroid Nodules: Ultrasound Diagnosis, Clinical Significance, and Management

Degenerating nodules (DNs), which primarily manifest as benign thyroid nodules, are one of the main causes of discordance in ultrasonography (US) and cytological assessments. Intranodular hemorrhage is one of the mechanisms contributing to discordant nodules, and an impaired blood supply may explain further DN shrinkage and infarction. The surgical specimens can be divided into acute and chronic stages based on the histological changes, which usually mimic the US features of malignant tumors. Serial US follow-up should be recommended instead of other unnecessary procedures. However, repeated fine-needle aspiration, diagnostic surgery, or core-needle biopsy may still be necessary for indeterminable or highly suspicious DNs.

Immunoglobulin G4-Related Gastric Ulcer Mimicking Advanced Stomach Cancer in a Patient with Type I Autoimmune Pancreatitis / 대한내과학회지

Type I autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), a form of chronic pancreatitis, is included within the spectrum of immunoglobulin G4-related diseases (IgG4-RD). IgG4-RD can involve the salivary glands, bile ducts, kidneys and retroperitoneum, and the pancreas, and responds well to corticosteroid treatment. However, gastric involvement in IgG4-RD has been rarely reported. Here we report the case of a 56-year-old man with type I autoimmune pancreatitis who presented with a giant gastric ulcer mimicking advanced gastric cancer, which was subsequently determined to be IgG4-RD. Both the patient' symptoms and his ulcerative lesions in the stomach responded to steroid treatment, which obviated the need for major surgery such as gastrectomy. Our case demonstrates the importance of recognizing potential gastric involvement in IgG4-RD, especially in a patient with concurrent AIP/IgG4-RD or a history of the disease, who is evaluated for an intractable and/or atypical gastric ulcer. A prompt diagnosis and proper management will avoid unnecessary surgery.